Documentos de Trabajo
http://hdl.handle.net/11651/748
2024-03-28T19:52:43ZLa pandemia de COVID-19 y la vida financiera de los mexicanos. Nota de investigación sobre la evidencia de la ENIF 2021
http://hdl.handle.net/11651/5765
La pandemia de COVID-19 y la vida financiera de los mexicanos. Nota de investigación sobre la evidencia de la ENIF 2021
Los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Inclusión Financiera 2021 muestran que durante la pandemia de COVID-19, una proporción importante de las personas en México fueron afectadas en sus fuentes de ingreso y su vida financiera, y que recurrieron a distintas estrategias, financieras y no financieras, para enfrentar el choque. Las personas fueron financieramente resilientes, y no se observan cambios importantes en el uso de instrumentos financieros con respecto a antes de la pandemia. Se observan diferencias entre las personas del entorno urbano y del entorno rural, ya que las primeras fueron proporcionalmente más afectadas en sus fuentes de ingreso. Además, hay un fenómeno de “desinclusión” o menor uso de servicios financieros en las mujeres rurales, lo cual posiblemente no se deba principalmente al efecto de la pandemia, sino a los cambios que se han hecho desde 2019 en los programas sociales del gobierno. Los resultados que aquí se presentan buscan entender mejor cómo los hogares administraron el choque.; The Mexican National Financial Inclusion Survey 2021 shows that during the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant proportion of people in Mexico were affected in their sources of income and their financial lives, and that they resorted to financial and non-financial strategies, to face the shock. People in Mexico were financially resilient, and there are no significant changes in the use of financial instruments compared to before the pandemic. However, differences are observed between people from urban and rural environments since the former were proportionally more affected in their sources of income. In addition, there is lower use of financial services in rural women, which is possibly not mainly because of the pandemic, but rather to the changes that have been made since 2019 in government social programs. The results in our analysis aim to better understand how they managed the economic shock.
Inclusión financiera, Covid-19, México, ENIF, Financial inclusion
2023-01-01T00:00:00ZDivisión óptima de la zona metropolitana de la Ciudad de México para fines de distribución de gas natural
http://hdl.handle.net/11651/5691
División óptima de la zona metropolitana de la Ciudad de México para fines de distribución de gas natural
En este estudio se presentan los elementos considerados por la CRE para subdividir el área geográfica de la Ciudad de México. Esta decisión requirió considerar aquellas variables que afectan las economías de escala y el flujo de información para regular así como elementos de otro tipo tales como características técnicas de la zona y potencial de competencia en mercados accesorios a la distribución de gas natural. El resultado de este estudio es que la zonificación óptima para la ZMCM es una muy natural: dos zonas en la que una zona es el Distrito Federal y la otra se conforma de los municipios conurbados. Por lo tanto, este trabajo representa una feliz (pero rara) ocasión en la que la intuición coincide plenamente con el análisis científico de la realidad.
2001-01-01T00:00:00ZPricing natural gas in Mexico
http://hdl.handle.net/11651/5643
Pricing natural gas in Mexico
Natural gas in Mexico is produced by a state monopoly (Pemex). The price of gas at the Houston Ship Channel and the arbitration point between imported gas and gas produced in Mexico is used in a formula based on the netback to determine the price of gas in Mexico. This paper will show that the price implied by this methodology is equal to the shadow price of the domestic gas production constraint in a welfare maximization problem and therefore, this formula for regulating the price of gas in Mexico is consistent with the objectives of a regulator seeking to maximize social welfare. The netback formula, however, leads to incentives to divert or reduce production in the south in order to move the arbitration point south and increase the price of domestically produced gas. Since gas produced in the north is a substitute for gas from the Texas market, an increase in production in the north will not change the location of the arbitration point as the marginal gas is exported. The elimination of import tariffs in Ciudad Juarez does not affect the prices at Los Ramones and Ciudad Pemex unless limited pipeline capacity at Burgos restricts exports. If there is an export bottleneck at Burgos, the price of gas at Burgos will reflect the shadow price of that restriction. If the arbitration point is north of the junction at Los Ramones, elimination of tariffs at Juárez implies a reduction of the price at Ciudad Pcmex. Gas imported from the Permian Basin will displace gas imported from Texas at Burgos and move the arbitration point north. Only modifications in demand and supply that change the relevant arbitration point will affect the price in Ciudad Pemex. Changes in demand and supply between the relevant arbitration point and the border will not change the arbitration point.
Natural gas, pricing, Mexico, regulation
2001-01-01T00:00:00ZTesting for non-stationary technology and constant returns to scale in the context of the inter-country agricultural production function
http://hdl.handle.net/11651/5642
Testing for non-stationary technology and constant returns to scale in the context of the inter-country agricultural production function
This paper uses a panel data production function .framework with stochastic technology trends to re-examine the inter-country agricultural production function. The focus is on the dynamies of technology and the type of (aggregate) returns to scale. The study is implemented both at the world level and by groups of countries using a panel data set on quality-adjusted agricultural inputs and outputs for 110 countries over a period of 31 years. Instead of usual deterministic time trends, a dynamic error-components model is used to model technology. This specification results in a well-defined common factor dynamic process for agricultural labor productivity. The hypothesis of non-stationary technological levels and constant returns to scale is tested by means of a LR test carried out on the Within residuals. The results support stationary technology processes and decreasing (aggregate) returns to scale. The accuracy of the error-components specification for technology is, finally, evaluated by testing its implied common factor restrictions. Some evidence in favor of this specification is found.
Agricultural productivity, dynamic error-components models, LSDV estimator, unit roots, common factor restrictions, LR test
1997-01-01T00:00:00Z